近日，國務(wu)院辦公廳(ting)轉發了(le)住房和(he)城(cheng)鄉建(jian)設(she)部(bu)《關(guan)于完善質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)保障體(ti)系提升建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的指(zhi)導意見(jian)》（以下簡稱《意見(jian)》）。《意見(jian)》明確了(le)進一(yi)步完善質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)保障體(ti)系的總體(ti)要(yao)求(qiu)和(he)重點任(ren)務(wu)，是當(dang)前(qian)和(he)今后一(yi)個時(shi)期指(zhi)導建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理，提升建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的綱領性文件(jian)。住房和(he)城(cheng)鄉建(jian)設(she)部(bu)相關(guan)負責同志對《意見(jian)》內容(rong)進行了(le)解讀。

　　問：《意見》出臺的背景是什么？

　　答：建筑(zhu)工(gong)程質量(liang)事關(guan)人(ren)民群眾生命財產安全(quan)，事關(guan)城(cheng)市(shi)未來(lai)和傳承，事關(guan)新型城(cheng)鎮化(hua)發展水平。黨(dang)中(zhong)央、國(guo)務(wu)院高度重(zhong)視建筑(zhu)工(gong)程質量(liang)。2019年新年前夕，習近平總書記在新年賀詞中(zhong)指出(chu)，中(zhong)國(guo)制造、中(zhong)國(guo)創造、中(zhong)國(guo)建造共(gong)同發力，繼續改變著中(zhong)國(guo)的面貌。

　　改革開(kai)放以來，我國經(jing)歷(li)了(le)(le)世界(jie)上規模最大(da)、速度最快的城(cheng)鎮化進程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，常住人口城(cheng)鎮化率由1978年的17.9%提(ti)(ti)高到2018年的59.58%，城(cheng)鎮居(ju)(ju)民人均(jun)住房建(jian)(jian)筑面積從1978年的6.7平(ping)方米(mi)增加到2018年的39平(ping)方米(mi)。建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量管理(li)體系不斷(duan)完(wan)善，確立了(le)(le)施工(gong)圖審查、質(zhi)(zhi)量監督(du)、竣工(gong)驗收(shou)備案等20余項(xiang)制度。建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量水平(ping)不斷(duan)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)，以上海中心、北京(jing)大(da)興國際機場等為代(dai)表的一(yi)大(da)批重(zhong)點(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)高質(zhi)(zhi)量建(jian)(jian)成并投入使用，“高、深、大(da)、難”工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量技(ji)術水平(ping)已位(wei)居(ju)(ju)世界(jie)前列，住宅功能不斷(duan)完(wan)善品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)不斷(duan)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)，新(xin)建(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量事故基本杜絕，為國民經(jing)濟持續健康發展(zhan)、提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)城(cheng)鄉建(jian)(jian)設水平(ping)、人民安居(ju)(ju)樂(le)業、社會(hui)和(he)諧穩定作出了(le)(le)重(zhong)要貢(gong)獻。

　　但(dan)是，應(ying)該清醒看到(dao)，我(wo)國工(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)發展不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)充分的(de)矛盾依然(ran)存在(zai)，滲漏、裂縫等住(zhu)宅質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)常見問題仍較普(pu)遍(bian)，建筑(zhu)工(gong)程品質(zhi)(zhi)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)上還(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高，現有的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保(bao)障(zhang)體(ti)(ti)系還(huan)存在(zai)一些亟待完善的(de)地方(fang)，主(zhu)要(yao)表(biao)現在(zai)：一是質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)責任體(ti)(ti)系不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完善。以(yi)建設(she)單位為首的(de)工(gong)程建設(she)各方(fang)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)責任落實不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)位。二是建筑(zhu)市(shi)場體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)健(jian)全。招標(biao)(biao)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完善，工(gong)程擔保(bao)和(he)(he)保(bao)險等市(shi)場機制(zhi)(zhi)發揮作用不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夠，尚未形成以(yi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安全為核(he)心的(de)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)。三是工(gong)程建設(she)生產方(fang)式(shi)落后。建造方(fang)式(shi)粗(cu)放、工(gong)序(xu)環節多，建材質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)參差不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)齊(qi)，科技(ji)(ji)研發投(tou)入不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足，機械化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、標(biao)(biao)準化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、精細化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高。四是建筑(zhu)工(gong)人(ren)職業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、專業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、技(ji)(ji)能化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高。建筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)勞務用工(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完善，缺乏系統的(de)技(ji)(ji)能培訓和(he)(he)鑒定，老(lao)齡化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)問題日益嚴重，職業(ye)(ye)能力得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)保(bao)障(zhang)。五是監管(guan)機制(zhi)(zhi)創新不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足。工(gong)程建設(she)標(biao)(biao)準體(ti)(ti)系不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完善，“雙隨機、一公開”檢查(cha)方(fang)式(shi)和(he)(he)“互聯網(wang)+監管(guan)”模(mo)式(shi)應(ying)用不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足，部分監督(du)機構(gou)經費和(he)(he)人(ren)員保(bao)障(zhang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)位，執法“寬松軟”問題依然(ran)存在(zai)，監管(guan)效能不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高。

　　當(dang)前，中(zhong)國(guo)特色社會主義進(jin)入(ru)新(xin)時代，我國(guo)經濟已由高速增(zeng)長階段(duan)轉向高質量(liang)發展階段(duan)。為深(shen)入(ru)貫徹(che)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)黨(dang)中(zhong)央、國(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院決(jue)策部(bu)(bu)署，進(jin)一步提升建筑工程品(pin)質，住(zhu)房和城鄉建設部(bu)(bu)會同19個部(bu)(bu)門，在深(shen)入(ru)調(diao)查研究、充分溝通(tong)協調(diao)、認真總結經驗的(de)基礎上，堅(jian)持問題導向，堅(jian)持改革創新(xin)，堅(jian)持協同推(tui)進(jin)，研究起(qi)草了(le)《意見》。近日，國(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院辦公廳正式(shi)轉發了(le)《意見》，要求地(di)方及(ji)國(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院有關部(bu)(bu)門認真貫徹(che)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)。

　　問：《意見》的出臺將產生哪些積極影響？

　　答(da)：《意見》圍繞破除建(jian)(jian)筑工程質量(liang)管理體(ti)制機制障礙，對質量(liang)保(bao)障體(ti)系進行系統謀劃，將(jiang)有(you)力提升我(wo)國建(jian)(jian)筑工程品(pin)質總體(ti)水平，為城鄉建(jian)(jian)設高質量(liang)發展(zhan)提供(gong)重(zhong)要支撐。

　　一是有利于促進建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業轉型升(sheng)級(ji)和高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)發展。建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業是我(wo)國國民經濟的(de)(de)重(zhong)要支柱產業，也(ye)是推(tui)動(dong)高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)發展的(de)(de)主(zhu)戰場。2018年(nian)我(wo)國建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業總(zong)產值達到23.5萬(wan)億元，增加值達到6.18萬(wan)億元，占GDP的(de)(de)6.87%。《意見》對(dui)標對(dui)表高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)發展要求(qiu)，以供給側結(jie)構性改(gai)革為(wei)主(zhu)線，著力構建(jian)(jian)以質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)為(wei)核心的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)理體制機制，將有效引導(dao)資(zi)源要素向(xiang)高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)供給端集(ji)聚(ju)，塑(su)造中國建(jian)(jian)造品牌，推(tui)動(dong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業發展質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)變(bian)革、效率變(bian)革、動(dong)力變(bian)革。

　　二(er)是(shi)有利(li)于推(tui)(tui)動城鄉建(jian)設(she)(she)綠色發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。城鄉建(jian)設(she)(she)是(shi)全面(mian)推(tui)(tui)動綠色發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)載體。《意見》堅持以新(xin)(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)理念為指(zhi)引(yin)，大力推(tui)(tui)進工程建(jian)設(she)(she)生產(chan)組織方式(shi)變革，推(tui)(tui)行綠色建(jian)造方式(shi)，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)裝配式(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)，推(tui)(tui)廣適(shi)用于綠色發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)新(xin)(xin)技術、新(xin)(xin)材料、新(xin)(xin)標準，建(jian)立與之相適(shi)應(ying)的(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)和監(jian)管機制，將(jiang)在提高效率、提升品質的(de)同時，最大限度節約資源、保護環境，實現城鄉建(jian)設(she)(she)綠色發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。

　　三是(shi)有利(li)于滿足人民(min)(min)群眾(zhong)對高品質建(jian)筑(zhu)的需(xu)(xu)(xu)求。建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)質量事(shi)關老百(bai)姓最關心最直(zhi)接最根本的利(li)益(yi)，事(shi)關人們對美好生(sheng)(sheng)活的向(xiang)往。隨著經(jing)濟社會(hui)的進步，老百(bai)姓對住(zhu)(zhu)房的需(xu)(xu)(xu)求日益(yi)提(ti)高，不再(zai)滿足于有房住(zhu)(zhu)，更(geng)是(shi)要求住(zhu)(zhu)好房。《意(yi)見(jian)》堅持(chi)以人民(min)(min)為(wei)中(zhong)心，把人民(min)(min)群眾(zhong)對高品質建(jian)筑(zhu)的需(xu)(xu)(xu)求作為(wei)根本出發點和(he)落腳點，推(tui)動質量信息公(gong)開，完善質量投(tou)訴處理(li)機(ji)制，著力打造(zao)共建(jian)共治(zhi)共享的工程(cheng)質量治(zhi)理(li)格局，推(tui)動工程(cheng)品質提(ti)升，讓人民(min)(min)生(sheng)(sheng)活得更(geng)方(fang)便、更(geng)舒(shu)心、更(geng)美好。

　　問：《意見》對完善建筑工程質量保障體系有什么總體考慮，主要采取了哪些措施？

　　答(da)：《意見》指(zhi)出，完善(shan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)保障體(ti)系(xi)，提(ti)(ti)升建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，要(yao)以(yi)習近平新時代中(zhong)國(guo)特色社會(hui)(hui)主義思(si)想為(wei)指(zhi)導，全面貫徹黨(dang)的十九大和十九屆二(er)中(zhong)、三中(zhong)全會(hui)(hui)以(yi)及中(zhong)央(yang)城鎮(zhen)化工(gong)(gong)作會(hui)(hui)議、中(zhong)央(yang)城市工(gong)(gong)作會(hui)(hui)議精神，按(an)照黨(dang)中(zhong)央(yang)、國(guo)務院部署，堅持以(yi)人(ren)民為(wei)中(zhong)心(xin)，牢固樹立新發展理念，以(yi)供給(gei)側結構性(xing)改(gai)革為(wei)主線(xian)，以(yi)建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)問(wen)題為(wei)切(qie)入(ru)點(dian)，逐步(bu)完善(shan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)保障體(ti)系(xi)，不斷(duan)提(ti)(ti)高工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)抽查符合率和群眾滿意度(du)，進(jin)一步(bu)提(ti)(ti)升建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)總體(ti)水平。

　　《意見(jian)》從4個方面明確了完善(shan)質量保(bao)障體系(xi)提升建(jian)筑工程(cheng)品質的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)舉措：

　　一是強化各(ge)方責(ze)任(ren)。突出(chu)建設(she)單位首要責(ze)任(ren)，強化建設(she)單位對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)全(quan)過程(cheng)的質量管理；落實施工(gong)(gong)單位主(zhu)體(ti)責(ze)任(ren)，推行(xing)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量安(an)全(quan)手冊(ce)制度；明(ming)確房(fang)屋使用(yong)安(an)全(quan)主(zhu)體(ti)責(ze)任(ren)，強化房(fang)屋所有權(quan)人和產權(quan)人管理職(zhi)責(ze)；履行(xing)政府的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量監(jian)管責(ze)任(ren)，創新(xin)監(jian)管模式，健全(quan)監(jian)管體(ti)系。

　　二(er)是完(wan)善(shan)管理(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)。改革工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)組織模(mo)式(shi)，推(tui)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承包、全過程(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)咨詢(xun)和建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)師負責(ze)制(zhi)(zhi)；完(wan)善(shan)招標(biao)(biao)投標(biao)(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，探(tan)索(suo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)更好滿足項(xiang)目需求的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)；推(tui)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔保(bao)(bao)與保(bao)(bao)險；加強工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造管理(li)，完(wan)善(shan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)設(she)計方案審(shen)查論證機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，加強住區設(she)計管理(li)，嚴(yan)格(ge)控制(zhi)(zhi)超高(gao)層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)；推(tui)行(xing)綠(lv)色建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造方式(shi)，大(da)力發展裝配式(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)；支(zhi)持既有建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)合理(li)保(bao)(bao)留利用(yong)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)拆除(chu)管理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。

　　三(san)是健全支撐體(ti)系(xi)。完善工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)標(biao)準體(ti)系(xi)，系(xi)統制(zhi)定全文強制(zhi)性工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)規(gui)范；加強建(jian)材(cai)質(zhi)量管理，建(jian)立從生產到使用全過程(cheng)的建(jian)材(cai)質(zhi)量追溯機制(zhi)；提(ti)升科技(ji)創新能(neng)力，推(tui)進建(jian)筑信息模型（BIM）、大數據等技(ji)術(shu)的集成(cheng)應用；強化(hua)從業人員管理，推(tui)行建(jian)筑工人實名制(zhi)管理。

　　四是(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)監督管(guan)理。推進(jin)信(xin)用(yong)信(xin)息平(ping)臺建設，將工程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)違法(fa)違規等記(ji)錄作為企業信(xin)用(yong)評價的重(zhong)要內容；嚴格監管(guan)執(zhi)法(fa)，強(qiang)化工程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)終(zhong)身責任落(luo)實；加(jia)強(qiang)社會監督，完善(shan)建筑(zhu)工程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)投(tou)訴和糾紛協調處理機制；強(qiang)化督促指(zhi)導(dao)，建立健(jian)全建筑(zhu)工程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理、品質(zhi)提(ti)升評價指(zhi)標體系。

　　問：《意見》在改革創新方面有哪些亮點？

　　答(da)：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)突出建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)首(shou)要(yao)(yao)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)，落(luo)實(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)主體責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)。完善質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保障體系提升建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，首(shou)先要(yao)(yao)明確工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)各方主體應(ying)承擔的權利和義(yi)務，健全(quan)權責(ze)一(yi)(yi)致、科學合(he)理的質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)體系。建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)作為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目的投資者、決策(ce)者和組織(zhi)者，其(qi)行為對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具有決定性(xing)影響。2017年，《國務院(yuan)辦公(gong)廳關于促進建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業持(chi)續(xu)健康發展的意(yi)(yi)見(jian)(jian)》（國辦發〔2017〕19號）首(shou)次提出建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)首(shou)要(yao)(yao)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)這一(yi)(yi)概念(nian)，為落(luo)實(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)提供了政策(ce)依據。《意(yi)(yi)見(jian)(jian)》進一(yi)(yi)步細(xi)化了建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)要(yao)(yao)求，提出建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)應(ying)加強對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)的質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理，嚴(yan)格履行法定程(cheng)序和落(luo)實(shi)(shi)項目法人責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)制，保證合(he)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期和造(zao)價，不得違法違規發包工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。特別(bie)是(shi)通過(guo)建(jian)(jian)立工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)信(xin)息公(gong)示制度，要(yao)(yao)求建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)主動公(gong)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收(shou)等關鍵質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)信(xin)息，有效解決信(xin)息不對(dui)稱問題(ti)，督促建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)認(ren)真履行質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)承諾。

　　二是推行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)與保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)，完(wan)善(shan)(shan)建(jian)筑(zhu)市場(chang)機制(zhi)。完(wan)善(shan)(shan)質(zhi)量保(bao)(bao)(bao)障體(ti)系(xi)(xi)提升建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)品質(zhi)，要充分發(fa)揮(hui)市場(chang)在資源配置中(zhong)的(de)決定性作用，著力解決建(jian)筑(zhu)市場(chang)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)不(bu)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)、主體(ti)活力不(bu)足等(deng)問題。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)和保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)是市場(chang)經濟條件(jian)下防范(fan)和化解工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)基(ji)本手段，也是發(fa)揮(hui)市場(chang)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量約(yue)束(shu)作用的(de)重要途(tu)徑。推行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)和保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)，有(you)(you)助(zhu)于(yu)規范(fan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)發(fa)包交易行為，為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)各方(fang)履(lv)行質(zhi)量責任創(chuang)造有(you)(you)利(li)環境(jing)；有(you)(you)助(zhu)于(yu)有(you)(you)效處置工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量缺陷和質(zhi)量投訴，維護群眾(zhong)利(li)益(yi)；有(you)(you)助(zhu)于(yu)運用保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)等(deng)市場(chang)力量加強質(zhi)量風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管控，確(que)保(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量。為此，《意見(jian)》提出推行銀行保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)制(zhi)度，在有(you)(you)條件(jian)的(de)地區推行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)公司保(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)；招(zhao)標(biao)人(ren)要求(qiu)中(zhong)標(biao)人(ren)提供履(lv)約(yue)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)，招(zhao)標(biao)人(ren)應當同時向中(zhong)標(biao)人(ren)提供工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款支付擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)；對(dui)采用最低價(jia)中(zhong)標(biao)的(de)探索實(shi)行高保(bao)(bao)(bao)額履(lv)約(yue)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)；組(zu)織開(kai)展工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)試點，加快發(fa)展工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)。

　　三是嚴格(ge)(ge)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)執法(fa)(fa)，完善質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制度(du)。完善質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保障(zhang)體(ti)系提(ti)升建筑工程(cheng)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，必須堅持厲行(xing)法(fa)(fa)治，強(qiang)化(hua)政府(fu)對工程(cheng)建設(she)全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，嚴厲查處各類違法(fa)(fa)違規(gui)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，建立健全(quan)(quan)嚴格(ge)(ge)、公正、權(quan)威、高效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制度(du)。為(wei)(wei)落(luo)(luo)實政府(fu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)責(ze)任(ren)，提(ti)升監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率，《意(yi)(yi)見(jian)》提(ti)出鼓勵采取政府(fu)購(gou)買服務的(de)(de)方式，委托具備(bei)條件的(de)(de)社會(hui)力量(liang)(liang)進行(xing)工程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督檢查和抽(chou)測，全(quan)(quan)面推行(xing)“雙隨機、一(yi)公開”檢查方式和“互聯網+監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)”模式，加(jia)強(qiang)工程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督隊伍建設(she)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)督經(jing)費由同級(ji)財政預算(suan)全(quan)(quan)額保障(zhang)，強(qiang)化(hua)設(she)計(ji)安全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)。為(wei)(wei)提(ti)高監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)執法(fa)(fa)威懾(she)力和有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)性，《意(yi)(yi)見(jian)》提(ti)出強(qiang)化(hua)工程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)終身責(ze)任(ren)落(luo)(luo)實，加(jia)大(da)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)格(ge)(ge)、從業限(xian)制等方面處罰力度(du)，特(te)別(bie)是堅持簡化(hua)企業資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、強(qiang)化(hua)個人(ren)資(zi)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)改革思路，嚴格(ge)(ge)落(luo)(luo)實個人(ren)執業資(zi)格(ge)(ge)責(ze)任(ren)，加(jia)大(da)責(ze)任(ren)追究力度(du)。

　　四是(shi)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)引領(ling)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，完(wan)善工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體系。完(wan)善質量(liang)保障體系提(ti)升(sheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)(cheng)品質，要(yao)充分發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)和(he)引領(ling)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。經(jing)過近幾十(shi)年的(de)發(fa)(fa)展，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)已建(jian)立起(qi)具(ju)有中國(guo)(guo)特(te)色的(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體系，組(zu)織制(zhi)(zhi)定了涵(han)蓋(gai)30余(yu)個行業和(he)領(ling)域的(de)7000余(yu)項(xiang)工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，在保障工程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)安全、推進建(jian)筑(zhu)業持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)展、推動中國(guo)(guo)建(jian)造走出(chu)去(qu)等(deng)方面發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)了重要(yao)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。但隨著經(jing)濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)也出(chu)現與國(guo)(guo)際(ji)接軌不夠(gou)、標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)提(ti)升(sheng)機制(zhi)(zhi)不足等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。《意見》以(yi)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)為導(dao)向，著眼于(yu)改(gai)革工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體系，創新標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)形式、內(nei)容(rong)和(he)屬性，突出(chu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、質量(liang)水平(ping)、性能控制(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)內(nei)容(rong)要(yao)求，提(ti)出(chu)系統制(zhi)(zhi)定全文強制(zhi)(zhi)性工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設規范(fan)，精簡整合(he)(he)政(zheng)府推薦性標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，培育發(fa)(fa)展團體和(he)企業標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，組(zu)織開展重點領(ling)域國(guo)(guo)內(nei)外標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)比對，加強國(guo)(guo)際(ji)交流合(he)(he)作(zuo)，推動一批中國(guo)(guo)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)向國(guo)(guo)際(ji)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)轉化和(he)推廣(guang)應用(yong)(yong)。

　　五是(shi)推行(xing)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)方式，強化工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設組織實施(shi)。我(wo)國每年建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑消耗的水泥(ni)、玻璃、鋼(gang)材分別(bie)占(zhan)全球總(zong)消耗量的45%、42%和35%，傳統建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)方式資源(yuan)消耗大、污染排放高，越來越不(bu)可(ke)持續(xu)，亟需大力推行(xing)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)方式，強化適應綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)發(fa)展(zhan)的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設組織實施(shi)模式。對此，《意見》提出要完(wan)善綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)材產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)標(biao)準(zhun)和認證評價體(ti)(ti)系，進(jin)一步(bu)提高建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)節能標(biao)準(zhun)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)發(fa)布(bu)制度(du)(du)(du)；推進(jin)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，降低施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)對環境的不(bu)利影響(xiang)；按照綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑標(biao)準(zhun)要求，完(wan)善綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑評價標(biao)識制度(du)(du)(du)；大力發(fa)展(zhan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑，鼓勵(li)企業建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑部(bu)品(pin)(pin)部(bu)件生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量控制體(ti)(ti)系，裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑部(bu)品(pin)(pin)部(bu)件實行(xing)駐廠監造(zao)(zao)制度(du)(du)(du)。

　　六(liu)是加(jia)強社(she)(she)會(hui)監督(du)，完(wan)善社(she)(she)會(hui)治理(li)(li)(li)能力。完(wan)善質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)障體系提(ti)升建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，要堅持共建(jian)共治共享的(de)理(li)(li)(li)念(nian)和(he)(he)方法，充分調(diao)(diao)動社(she)(she)會(hui)各界(jie)和(he)(he)廣大群(qun)眾的(de)積(ji)極(ji)性(xing)、主動性(xing)、創造(zao)性(xing)，提(ti)升質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)治理(li)(li)(li)能力。對此，《意見》提(ti)出加(jia)強社(she)(she)會(hui)監督(du)，加(jia)強行(xing)業自律，完(wan)善行(xing)業約束與懲戒(jie)機制(zhi)；建(jian)立建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)責(ze)任主體和(he)(he)責(ze)任人(ren)公(gong)示(shi)制(zhi)度，推行(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)信息公(gong)開(kai)，探索建(jian)立建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)社(she)(she)會(hui)監督(du)機制(zhi)，完(wan)善建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)投訴(su)和(he)(he)糾紛協(xie)調(diao)(diao)處理(li)(li)(li)機制(zhi)，支持社(she)(she)會(hui)公(gong)眾參與監督(du)、合理(li)(li)(li)表達質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)訴(su)求。為促使質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)工(gong)作可(ke)量(liang)化、可(ke)監督(du)、可(ke)考(kao)核，《意見》還提(ti)出建(jian)立健全建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理(li)(li)(li)、品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)提(ti)升評(ping)價(jia)指標體系，科(ke)學(xue)評(ping)價(jia)各地質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)工(gong)作開(kai)展情況，客觀衡量(liang)地方工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)展水平。在(zai)實踐中，可(ke)積(ji)極(ji)探索利用社(she)(she)會(hui)第三(san)方力量(liang)進行(xing)評(ping)價(jia)。

　　問：如何做好《意見》的貫徹落實工作？

　　答：9月25日，習近(jin)(jin)平總(zong)書記在出席北京(jing)大(da)興國(guo)際機(ji)場投運(yun)儀(yi)式(shi)時強調(diao)，大(da)興國(guo)際機(ji)場能(neng)夠(gou)在不到5年的(de)時間里就(jiu)完成預定(ding)的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設任(ren)(ren)務(wu)，順(shun)利投入運(yun)營，充(chong)分展現了(le)中國(guo)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑的(de)雄厚實(shi)力，充(chong)分體(ti)現了(le)中國(guo)精神和中國(guo)力量。他希望廣大(da)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設者在新(xin)的(de)征程(cheng)上(shang)再接(jie)再厲(li)、再立新(xin)功。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)品(pin)質管理鏈條(tiao)長、環節(jie)多，是一項復雜(za)的(de)系統(tong)工(gong)程(cheng)，做(zuo)好這項工(gong)作(zuo)任(ren)(ren)務(wu)艱(jian)巨、責(ze)任(ren)(ren)重大(da)、使命光(guang)榮，必須把思想和行動統(tong)一到以習近(jin)(jin)平同志為(wei)核心的(de)黨中央的(de)決策部署上(shang)，提(ti)高認識、真抓實(shi)干、務(wu)求實(shi)效(xiao)，全(quan)面貫徹落實(shi)《意見》。

　　一是(shi)加強(qiang)組織領導(dao)(dao)。各(ge)地區、各(ge)相關部門(men)要(yao)把建筑工(gong)程品質提升工(gong)作擺(bai)上重要(yao)議(yi)事日程，建立(li)健(jian)全(quan)領導(dao)(dao)體制和工(gong)作機制，加強(qiang)統籌規劃，細化工(gong)作措(cuo)施(shi)，制定(ding)實施(shi)方(fang)案(an)，完善保障措(cuo)施(shi)，確(que)保各(ge)項任務措(cuo)施(shi)真正落地。

　　二(er)是強化示范(fan)引領。鼓(gu)勵(li)有(you)條(tiao)件的地區積極開展(zhan)改革創(chuang)新試點，形(xing)成可(ke)復制(zhi)、可(ke)推廣的經驗(yan)，不斷完善建筑工(gong)程品質創(chuang)新管(guan)理制(zhi)度。

　　三是(shi)做好(hao)輿(yu)論宣(xuan)(xuan)傳(chuan)。充分(fen)發揮媒(mei)體作用(yong)，積極宣(xuan)(xuan)傳(chuan)各地的好(hao)經驗、好(hao)做法，廣泛(fan)宣(xuan)(xuan)傳(chuan)中(zhong)國建造(zao)品牌(pai)，營(ying)造(zao)良好(hao)的社會氛圍。

　　四(si)是加強能力(li)建設。加大(da)對基層(ceng)政策(ce)支持(chi)、業務指導、人員培訓力(li)度，切實提(ti)高基層(ceng)監管隊(dui)伍業務素質和(he)工(gong)作(zuo)能力(li)，不斷(duan)夯實質量工(gong)作(zuo)基礎。